翻譯作業3-5.5~3-5.7

Energy transfer through food chains and food webs in not very efficient because, with each transfer, some usable chemical energy is degraded and lost to the environment as low-quality heat, as a result of the second law of thermodynamics. In other words, as energy flows through ecosystems in food chains and webs, there is a decrease in the amount of chemical energy available to organisms at each succeeding feeding level.


能量轉移通過食物鏈和食物網中並不十分有效，因為，每個轉移，一些可用的化學能的退化和喪失的環境，低質量的熱量，由於熱力學第二定律。換句話說，能源流經生態系統的食物鏈和網絡，有涉及的款額減少化學能源提供給生物體在每個成功的餵養水平。


The percentage of usable chemical energy transferred as biomass from one trophic level to the next is called ecological efficiency. It ranges from 2% to 40% (that is, a loss of 60-98%) depending on what types of species and ecosystems are involved, but 10% is typical.

可用的百分比化學能量轉移的生物質從一個營養級的下一個被稱為生態效益。它的範圍從2 ％至40 ％ （即虧損60-98 ％ ） ，取決於什麼類型的物種和生態系統的參與，但10 ％是典型的。


Assuming 10% ecological efficiency (90% loss of usable energy) at each trophic transfer, if green plants in area manage to capture 10,000 units of energy from the sun, then only about 1,000 units of chemical energy will be available to support
herbivores, and only about 100 units will be available to support herbivores, and only about 100 units will be available to support carnivores.

假設10 ％的生態效率（ 90 ％損失的可用能源）在每個營養轉讓，如果綠色植物在地區管理捕捉10000單位的能源來自太陽，那麼只有約1000個單位的化學能量將可支持草食動物，和只有約100輛將用於支持草食動物，只有大約100個單位將提供給支持食肉動物。